Precision Agriculture using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms: A Comprehensive Study

Farming has evolved from the basic irrigation techniques used in ancient river valley civilizations to the sophisticated Precision Agriculture of today, playing an important role in the advancement of human society. This paper explores the use of Machine Learning and Deep Learning algorithms in Precision Agriculture, an essential task in agriculture that helps ensure a stable food supply and improves the efficiency of food production. Despite advances in Precision Agriculture and the widespread adoption of Machine Learning and Deep Learning algorithms, a comprehensive review that systematically addresses the challenges of data quality, model interoperability, and multisource data integration in Precision Agriculture is still lacking. To bridge this gap, we conducted a systematic review of more than 100 studies published between 2021 and 2024. Our analysis focuses on the application of several Machine Learning and Deep Learning algorithms, such as Artificial Neural Networks, Support Vector Machines, Convolutional Neural Networks, and Random Forests. Using a comparative analysis methodology, we identify key features influencing Precision Agriculture, such as temperature, rainfall, re