Privacy Preserving Machine Learning and Data Governance for AI Systems

As machine learning permeates sensitive domains such as healthcare, finance, and government, protecting individual privacy while leveraging large-scale data remains a paramount challenge. Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning (PPML) combines cryptographic techniques, decentralized training paradigms, and data governance policies to enable secure and compliant model development. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of fundamental PPML methods differential privacy, federated learning, homomorphic encryption and examines key data governance frameworks underpinning ethical AI adoption. We analyze technical trade-offs, including privacy-utility balance, scalability, and adversarial resilience. Finally, ongoing research directions and policy implications are discussed, emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration for trustworthy AI deployment.