This study presents a systematic literature review of 100 peer-reviewed, DOI-indexed articles examining the application of cost–benefit analysis (CBA) in the pre-construction stage of government infrastructure projects. Guided by the PRISMA framework, the review synthesizes evidence from transport, energy, water, and social infrastructure sectors to evaluate how welfare-consistent economic impact assessment is operationalized before major public investment decisions are finalized. Inclusion criteria required an explicit counterfactual (do-nothing or do-minimum baseline), monetized benefits and costs derived from willingness-to-pay or shadow-pricing methods, and clearly stated decision indicators including net present value (NPV), benefit–cost ratio (BCR), and internal rate of return (IRR) with a transparent price base and discount rate. The analysis explores eight thematic domains: welfare-consistent definitions and indicators, appraisal regimes and parameter libraries, baseline demand and exposure modeling, valuation of user benefits, safety, and environmental externalities, discounting and time horizons, uncertainty architecture, distributional analysis, and treatment of wider ec
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