Role of Interventional Radiology in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Transarterial Chemoembolisation and Beyond

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major global health burden and a leading cause of cancer- related mortality. Interventional radiology (IR) has emerged as a cornerstone in the management of HCC, particularly for patients ineligible for surgical resection or transplantation. Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) is the standard of care for intermediate-stage HCC; however, advancements in IR techniques such as radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, and transarterial radioembolisation have broadened therapeutic strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of IR-based management of HCC, highlighting TACE and emerging precision-driven interventions, including robotics, three-dimensional (3D) printing, and smart implant technologies.