The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a unique synovial articulation that combines rotational and translational movements, enabling essential functions such as mastication, speech, and swallowing. Its complex anatomy consists of osseous components, the articular disc, joint capsule, ligaments, muscles, vascular and neural structures, which work together to maintain stability and mobility. Anatomical variations in these structures can significantly influence biomechanics, predisposing individuals to temporomandibular disorders (TMD), including disc displacement, degenerative joint disease, and chronic pain. Understanding the developmental and macroscopic anatomy of the TMJ is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning. Modern imaging modalities, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), have greatly enhanced the visualization of both hard and soft tissues, allowing early detection of pathological changes and precise preoperative mapping. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the TMJ anatomy and its functional dynamics, correlating structural characteristics with clinical implications. By integrating classic
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