Aim of the study: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of four irrigation protocols in removing residual dentinal debris from root canal walls: citric acid, EDTA, a combination of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA, and sodium hypochlorite activated with ultrasound. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 extracted single-rooted permanent teeth were selected and randomly divided into four groups (n = 10) based on the irrigant and method used. After access cavity preparation, working length determination, and rotary instrumentation using the ProTaper system, canals were irrigated according to their group protocols. The teeth were then sectioned longitudinally and evaluated under an endodontic microscope. RDD was scored on a 3-point scale: 0 – absent, 1 – moderate, 2 – slight presence. Results: The combination of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA (Group 3) showed the highest efficacy, with 5 canals free of RDD and 5 with moderate presence. Ultrasonically activated sodium hypochlorite (Group 4) resulted in mostly moderate presence and one canal with no debris. EDTA alone (Group 2) and citric acid (Group 1) showed lower efficacy, with no canals completely free of debris. Conclusion: The com
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