Kavitan Plus is a conventional glass ionomer-based restorative material. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding silica dioxide (Ca₂SiO₄) nanoparticles at two concentrations, 5% and 10%, to Kavitan Plus on surface hardness using a Shore D surface hardness tester. Methods: Twenty-four samples were prepared and divided into three groups (8 per group): Group 1: control group; Group 2: 5% Ca₂SiO₄; Group 3: 10% Ca₂SiO₄. Surface hardness was measured, and the data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's one-way analysis of variance (LSD) Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between all groups (F=94.523, p<0.001). This indicates that the addition of dicalcium silicate nanoparticles (C₂S NPs) at different concentrations significantly affected the studied microhardness property of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) cements using Shore D. G1 and G2 recorded similar average values (45.42 and 45.23, respectively), while the 10% C₂S nanoparticle group (G3) showed significantly lower average values. This suggests that the addition of 10% nanoparticles reduced the property value, reducing mechanical integri
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