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Factors associated with post-exertional malaise in persons living with long COVID: A mixed-methods study

, Nongnaphat Rungnoei, Penkhae Dittabunjong, , Siriporn Kruttakart, · Journal of Public Health and Development · 2025

Post-COVID syndrome is a significant problem commonly encountered after contracting COVID-19 infection. Post-exertional malaise (PEM) is a particularly debilitating symptom of post-COVID syndrome. This mixed-method research aimed to study factors influencing the occurrence of PEM in post-COVID-19 patients. The sample group consisted of 98 post-COVID-19 patients receiving treatment at Phrachomklao Hospital, Phetchaburi province, Thailand were selected through simple random sampling. Data was collected through questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis, and content analysis. Results revealed that all members of sample group exhibited more than one post-COVID syndrome symptom. The most prevalent physical symptoms reported were fatigue (87.76%), exhaustion after activities (73.47%), and chronic cough (67.35%). Regarding mental, emotional, and social symptoms, the chief one reported was fear (74.49%), followed by stress (68.37%), and anxiety (53.06%). The overall assessment of post-exertional malaise in post-COVID patients revealed an average fatigue level of 4.09 (M = 4.09, SD = 0.78). Several factors together, in

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