Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Genetics and Future Perspectives

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition defined by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that impair functioning across multiple settings [1]. Symptoms typically emerge in childhood and frequently persist into adulthood, although their expression may change over time. ADHD is clinically heterogeneous, with substantial variability in symptom severity, cognitive profiles, and comorbidity patterns [2]. Global prevalence estimates suggest that approximately five percent of children are affected, with lower rates observed in adults largely reflecting partial symptom remission rather than resolution [3]. The diagnosis of ADHD is based on behavioral criteria and includes three clinical presentations: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive impulsive, and combined [1]. ADHD commonly co-occurs with anxiety disorders, depression, learning disabilities, and autism spectrum disorder, contributing to diagnostic complexity and increased clinical burden [2]. These overlaps suggest shared biological mechanisms rather than discrete disease boundaries. Neurobiological studies have consistently implicated fro