As one of the most obvious manifestations of tangible footprint of human civilization on Earth, concrete is largely and widely applied, and has become the largest amount of man-made engineering material in the world. Compared with other engineering materials, concrete consumes less production resource and energy, has fewer harmful by-products, and causes less environmental impact. Additionally, due to its excellent mechanical properties, such as compressive strength and fatigue resistance, along with its water and fire resistance, the infrastructure constructed by applying concrete has the advantages of high safety, durability, and low maintenance. Consequently, concrete remains a reliable choice for sustainable development of the field of human construction and engineering and remains indispensable in the future. However, inherent shortcomings and current performance limitations of concrete do not meet the requirements for the construction and expansion of human living spaces in the future. Moreover, the production and use of large quantities of concrete have a significant impact on resources, energy, and environment. Nanoscience and nanotechnology can be used to understand and co
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