The accelerated progress of artificial intelligence (AI) and its deployment in increasingly sensitive domains—such as healthcare, criminal justice, autonomous transportation, and the creative industries—has generated unprecedented opportunities for innovation, efficiency, and social welfare. At the same time, this rapid diffusion has exposed society to significant ethical risks, including bias and discrimination, opacity of decision-making, and the potential erosion of accountability. The central issue emerging from these transformations concerns the tension between algorithmic autonomy, expressed through the ability of systems to perform complex tasks and make decisions with minimal human intervention, and human responsibility, which remains indispensable for legitimacy, trust, and the protection of fundamental rights.
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