Inflammatory radicular cysts are among the most frequently diagnosed odontogenic cysts and arise as a consequence of chronic periapical inflammation of endodontic origin. Their development and persistence are associated with continuous microbial stimulation and activation of local immune responses. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a member of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family. In periapical pathology, TLR4 is essential for detecting microbial antigens derived from the infected root canal system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of TLR4 in inflammatory radicular cysts and to assess its involvement in the local inflammatory response. Biopsy specimens from 39 patients diagnosed with radicular cysts were processed for routine histological examination and IHC analysis using anti-TLR4 antibodies. Histological evaluation revealed a chronic lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate with a high density of macrophage-like cells and large mononuclear cells in all samples. IHC findings demonstrated strong cytoplasmic TLR4 expression in macrophage-like cells and large mononuclear cells, key innate immune cells, along with a discrete me
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