Systematic Simulation and Characterization of LLC Resonant Converter Operating Regions

This paper presents an LTspice simulation study investigating the operational characteristics of an LLC resonant converter across its three distinct operating regions: at, above, and below the resonant frequency. This research aims to comprehensively understand the converter’s behaviour, which is essential for optimising its design and performance in power electronic applications such as telecommunications, data centres, and Electric Vehicle charging. The methodology involved detailed analysis of key waveforms—inductor currents, output voltage, and diode currents under controlled frequency variations, with simulations conducted at 300 kHz, 459 kHz (resonant), and 600 kHz. Discoveries show that resonant operation yields favourable soft-switching, while deviations, especially those occurring below resonance, increase component stress and lead to harder diode switching and higher peak currents. The phase relationship between magnetizing and resonant inductor currents indicates the operating regime. Despite varying switching conditions, excellent output voltage regulation was consistently maintained. These findings provide valuable insights into the trade-offs between operating frequen