Persistent organic contaminants and complex wastewater matrices challenge conventional treatment because parent-compound removal does not necessarily imply mineralization, detoxification, or improved environmental safety. Advanced oxidation processes can address these limitations, but practical effectiveness is often constrained by oxidant activation, gas–liquid mass transfer, reagent distribution, light penetration, catalyst contact, energy demand, and matrix scavenging. This work critically examines hydrodynamic cavitation-assisted advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment, including systems based on hydrogen peroxide, ozone, Fenton and Fenton-like reactions, persulfate, peroxydisulfate, peroxymonosulfate, UV irradiation, photocatalysis, cold plasma, multi-hybrid configurations, and emerging reduction-oriented approaches. The discussion covers reactor configurations, target contaminants, real matrices, and sustainability-related performance metrics. The central argument is that hydrodynamic cavitation is not automatically sustainable as a stand-alone treatment. It becomes relevant as a sustainable intensification module only when measurable improvements are
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