Biomechanical Design and Adaptive Sliding Mode Control of a Human Lower Extremity Exoskeleton for Rehabilitation Applications

The human lower extremity plays a vital role in locomotion, posture, and weight-bearing through coordinated motion at the hip, knee, and ankle joints. These joints facilitate essential functions including flexion, extension, and internal and external rotation. To address mobility impairments through personalized therapy, this study presents the design, dynamic modeling, and control of a four-degree-of-freedom (4-DOF) lower limb exoskeleton robot. The system actuates hip flexion–extension and internal–external rotation, knee flexion–extension, and ankle dorsiflexion–plantarflexion. Anatomically aligned joint axes were incorporated to enhance biomechanical compatibility and reduce user discomfort. A detailed CAD model ensures ergonomic fit, modular adjustability, and the integration of actuators and sensors. The exoskeleton robot dynamic model, derived using Lagrangian mechanics, incorporates subject-specific anthropometric parameters to accurately reflect human biomechanics. A conventional sliding mode controller (SMC) was implemented to ensure robust trajectory tracking under model uncertainties. To overcome limitations of conventional SMC, an adaptive sliding mode controller with