On Classification of the Human Emotions from Facial Thermal Images: A Case Study Based on Machine Learning

(1) Background: This paper intends to accomplish a comparative study and analysis regarding the multiclass classification of facial thermal images, i.e., in three classes corresponding to predefined emotional states (neutral, happy and sad). By carrying out a comparative analysis, the main goal of the paper consists in identifying a suitable algorithm from machine learning field, which has the highest accuracy (ACC). Two categories of images were used in the process, i.e., images with Gaussian noise and images with “salt and pepper” type noise that come from two built-in special databases. An augmentation process was applied to the initial raw images that led to the development of the two databases with added noise, as well as the subsequent augmentation of all images, i.e., rotation, reflection, translation and scaling. (2) Methods: The multiclass classification process was implemented through two subsets of methods, i.e., machine learning with random forest (RF), support vector machines (SVM) and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms and deep learning with the convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm. (3) Results: The results obtained in this paper with the two subsets of metho