Accessory Mandibular Foramina: An Anatomical Study in Dry Mandibles and Meta-Analysis

Background/Objectives: Accessory mandibular foramina (AMaFs) are small osseous openings of the mandible that are clinically relevant anatomical variations. This study aimed to characterize the morphology and spatial distribution of AMaFs in dry mandibles and to integrate the existing anatomical evidence through a systematic review and meta-analysis, with the goal of clarifying their potential clinical relevance. Methods: A series of dry mandibles from human adults of unknown age and sex from our laboratory collection was examined to document AMaFs using direct osteological inspection. Stainless steel wire threads and digimatic caliper measurements were utilized by two separate raters. Cluster analysis was employed for the classification of foramina into distinct spatial groups. Furthermore, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, an unrestricted literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and Google Scholar using appropriate database-specific combinations of the terms “accessory mandibular” and “foramen/foramina” to search for studies on the prevalence and morphology of AMaFs in dry mandibles or cadaveric material. Radiological studies were excluded. The search