Objective This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate changes in lifestyle behaviors and mental health status among rescue workers before and after a major public health emergency, and to identify key modifiable risk factors associated with psychological distress in this critical population. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between February 23 and March 9, 2020, among rescue workers from a designated unit in China. Using a retrospective design, 1,052 valid responses were collected. Participants reported lifestyle behaviors (smoking, alcohol use, mobile phone use, physical activity, work hours, sleep quality) for both pre- and post-outbreak periods. Mental health was assessed using the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales. Statistical analyses included paired comparisons, correlation analysis, stratification by living status and age group, and multivariable regression models. Results Significant adverse lifestyle changes occurred post-outbreak: increases in smoking (13.98% of smoke
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