Investigating the relationship between public community landscape space and older adults’ health using structural equation modeling

Objective This study examined how community landscape quality impacts older adults’ health through outdoor activity and social participation, while assessing socioeconomic status (SES) as a moderator, within China’s urbanization and aging context. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 427 urban older adults measured landscape quality, physical activity, social participation, SES, and health (physical, mental, and satisfaction). SEM analyzed direct/indirect pathways and SES moderation. Results Community landscape space quality had a significant direct effect on older adults’ health ( β  = 0.280, p  < 0.001), as well as indirect effects through outdoor exercise ( β  = 0.120) and social participation ( β  = 0.083). The model explained 51.2% of the total variance in health outcomes. The moder