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Urban green spaces and public health: legal challenges and policy opportunities in green city governance

Yuanyuan Guo, Dan Wu, Xiangbin Zuo · Frontiers in Public Health · 2025

With the increasingly prominent impact of urban green space reduction on publichealth, this study selects three typical cities (Beijing, Hangzhou, and Yinchuan) toexplore the relationship between green space coverage and residents’ health, aiming to address challenges in green city governance and identify policy opportunities. Using multi-source data including remote sensing images, health statistics, and legal texts, combined with methods such as spatial econometric models and legal text analysis (Policy Strength Index, PSI), the study evaluates green space distribution, quantifies health benefits, and assesses policy effectiveness. The results show that there is a nonlinear threshold relationship between green space coverage and health benefits: when the coverage rate exceeds 38%, the decline rate of chronic diseases is significantly accelerated by 3.3 times, and the improvement rate of mental health reaches 9.7%. Among the three cities, Hangzhou achieves the most notable results with its “Park City” policy, featuring an average annual green space growth rate of 1.8% (far higher than Beijing’s 0.6% and Yinchuan’s -0.3%) and a leading PSI score of 82 points (significantly higher t

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