Toward Precision Psychiatry: A Scoping Review of Self-Monitoring and Artificial Intelligence for Bipolar Symptom Monitoring

This scoping review aims to map and analyze the utilization of digital technologies, including self-monitoring applications, wearable devices, and hybrid interventions, for monitoring symptoms of bipolar disorder, as well as to explore their potential implementation in Indonesia. A systematic literature search was conducted across EBSCO Host, ScienceDirect, Oxford Academic, and Emerald Insight, focusing on studies published between 2020 and 2025 that addressed digital monitoring in individuals with bipolar disorder. The review identified ten studies that met the inclusion criteria, consisting of randomized controlled trials, mixed-methods studies, exploratory qualitative studies, pilot studies, and trial protocols. Key findings were categorized into four themes: (1) active self-monitoring via manual input or Ecological Momentary Assessment, which enhances self-awareness, promotes consistent daily routines, and supports symptom management; (2) passive monitoring and digital phenotyping using sensors and wearable devices, providing continuous objective data for early detection of relapse; (3) hybrid approaches integrating monitoring with therapeutic modules such as psychoeducation, m