The article conducts a comprehensive study of modern regulatory and technical approaches to ensuring cybersecurity in the energy sector amidst large-scale digitalization and the rise of hybrid threats. The relevance of the research is driven by the active convergence of information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT), which opens new attack vectors against industrial automation and control systems (IACS), such as SCADA, DCS, and PLCs. Special attention is paid to the specifics of protecting Ukraine's critical infrastructure, whose power grids have already been targets of sophisticated attacks, such as CrashOverride/Industroyer, necessitating immediate system hardening in line with international standards. The study provides a detailed overview of key international standards, including the ISA/IEC 62443 series, which implements the concept of zones, conduits, and security levels (SL 1–4) to minimize the risks of sabotage and interference in energy facility operations. The impact of the NIS2 Directive is analyzed, as it establishes mandatory requirements for risk management, supply chain security, and leadership accountability for entities of high criticality. The role of
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