The article presents a comprehensive study of web development methods and tools for implementing tokenization of data and objects in the Web 3.0 environment, with a focus on the backend level. Modern smart-contract standards ERC-20, ERC-721/1155, ERC-1400/3643, SPL, FA2, and Cadence are analyzed, along with metadata storage approaches (on-chain, IPFS, Arweave), indexing mechanisms such as The Graph, and scaling architectures including L1/L2, zk-rollup solutions, and alternative L1 networks. A classification of token types by purpose and of their implementation methods is developed, as well as a classification of web tools by functional layers, which made it possible to identify specific features and differences in requirements for performance, interoperability, compliance, and information security. The comparative analysis shows that EVM-based implementations are the most mature and optimal for utility tokens, whereas NFT systems impose higher demands on secure off-chain storage, and security and RWA tokens provide regulatory controls and access management at the cost of a lower degree of decentralization. Based on a review of projects, it is shown that second-layer technologies, i
📖 افتح في inklap 🔗 DOI 📮 اطلب بحثاً