Clinical chemistry is probably the part of analytical chemistry which is under the greatest pressure with respect to productivity. This results in methods completely different from those used in classical analytical chemistry. Separation methods and the determination of the concentrations of the separated components are usually not possible because of the inherent slowness of the procedures. This is true except in situations where closely related substances that occur as mixtures in biological fluids are to be measured (amino acids, proteins, sugars, fatty acids, drugs and their metabolites). For these special conditions GC-MS, LC-MS and other instrumental methods can be used. For the bulk of tests, however, chemical (photometric), enzymatic, immunological and genetic methods are applied. The components to be measured are specifically determined within the complex biological matrix without prior separation. The often complicated reactions lead to products that can be assessed by photometry, turbidometry, nephelometry or fluorometry. Samples (serum, plasma, urine) are processed in automated devices with high test frequency. Characteristic data are: sample volume 5 to 10
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