Minimally Invasive Approaches in Pancreatic and Liver Surgery

The rapid expansion of minimally invasive techniques over the last two decades has dramatically expanded the use of these approaches in hepatopancreaticobiliary surgery. While implementation of minimally invasive surgery has been slowed by the technically complex nature of liver and pancreatic surgery, the feasibility of laparoscopic and robotic major liver and pancreatic resections has been demonstrated at select centers. This review discusses the preoperative evaluation, indications and contraindications, operative techniques, and outcomes of minimally invasive major pancreatic and hepatic resections; including distal pancreatectomy, pancreaticoduodenectomy, right and left hepatectomy, segmentectomy, and ablative liver surgery. Tables list the clinical outcomes of large series of patients treated with laparoscopic and robotic approaches to each operation. Figures detail port placement and include a number of intraoperative photographs demonstrating anatomic and technical considerations. Videos of a robotic pancreaticojejunostomy and a robotic retropancreatic dissection are included to highlight some of the technical advantages of this approach. While the current literature sugges