Infections are common complications treated in surgical and trauma intensive care units. Identification of infections in surgical patients is rarely incidental; it is sought most often in response to clinical signs. The presence of surgical infectious disease is usually determined clinically and confirmed microbiologically. Precision in terminology is vital; though similar in connotation, infection is not interchangeable with similar terms like sepsis and bacteremia. This chapter describes the signs and symptoms of infection, including the key signs of inflammation, pain, vital sign changes, and confusion. The approach to diagnosing infections is provided and includes an evaluation for the presence of infection, a history and physical examination, and various diagnostic tests, including hematologic and biochemical tests, microbiologic studies, and radiology. The various surgical/trauma infections are described and include the diagnostic approach to specific surgical infection like appendicitis, diverticulitis, and skin and soft tissue infections; postoperative infections referred to as surgical site infections; and nosocomial infections such as urinary tract infection, vascular cat
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