Pediatric movement disorders encompass a heterogeneous array of neurologic symptoms and syndromes and may be acquired or inherited. Movement phenomenology and age at symptom onset provide important clues in identifying the underlying etiology and establishing a diagnosis. Movement disorders are classified as hyperkinetic (increased movement) or hypokinetic (reduced amplitude and/or rate of movement). In children, hyperkinetic movement disorders are substantially more common than hypokinetic disorders; in adults, a mix of hyper- and hypokinetic disorders is the norm. We present a framework for evaluating a child with abnormal movements and describe a broad range of pediatric movement disorders: chorea, neurotransmitter-associated syndromes, tic disorders, stereotypies, primary dystonias, and dystonic cerebral palsy. Recently described genes associated with pediatric movement disorders, such as ADCY5-related dyskinesia, NKX2.1-associated chorea and dystonia, and the primary dystonias (DYT2 and DYT26), are highlighted. The developmental regulation of neurotransmitter metabolism, a dynamic process that leads to dramatic shifts in neurotransmitter availability in childhood and adolescen
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