The small intestine is where multiple cell types combine to achieve the complex interaction between our bodies and ingested material from the outside world. As a highly specialized organ, the small intestine has a role in digestion, absorption of nutrients and electrolytes, and innate immunity to thwart exogenous pathogens and as host to a symbiotic environment where our immune system successfully interacts with a resident microbiome. This review covers the embryology, gross and microscopic anatomy, physiology of nutritional absorption, immune function, and advances in examining new discoveries in the interplay between the host and the resident microbiome. Key words: duodenum, ileum, jejunum, microbiota, midgut, migrating motor complex, nutritional absorption, villi
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