Exercise

Numerous observational studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between physical activity and risk of many chronic illnesses. The protective effect of exercise is strongest against coronary artery disease, hypertension, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, anxiety, depression, osteoporosis, and cancers of the colon and breast. Despite these proven benefits, only 25% of adults in the United States exercise at recommended levels. Globally, physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for death, followed by overweight and obesity. This module describes exercise physiology, including cardiovascular response to dynamic exercise, pulmonary response, musculoskeletal response, metabolic effects, effects on blood lipid levels, hematologic effects, effects on vascular inflammation, effects on body fluids, and psychological effects. Exercise and the elderly and the relationship between exercise and longevity are reviewed. Prescribing exercise and complications of exercise are also discussed. Tables describe the categories of patients screened for possible coronary artery disease, exercise time required to consume 2,000 kcal, and exercise advice for patients. Figures in