Brucellosis, tularemia, (bubonic) plague, and bartonellosis are zoonoses (i.e., infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans) caused by gram-negative bacilli. The causative agents of these diseases are Brucella species, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis, and Bartonella species, respectively. Infected arthropods, such as ticks or fleas, can serve as vectors for the transmission of tularemia, (bubonic) plague, and bartonellosis. In general, the diagnosis of these zoonoses requires the physician to consider the clinical presentation (which is not always distinctive) in light of the epidemiology of these diseases. This chapter contains discussions of epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of brucellosis, tularemia, plague, and Bartonella infections (including trench fever, cat-scratch disease, and bacillary angiomatosis). Also included are tables outlining diagnosis and treatment and a figure showing the distribution of tularemia in the United States from 1990 to 2000. This review contains 1 highly rendered figure, 2 tables, and 81 references.
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