Septic arthritis is an inflammatory condition within the joint in reaction to bacterial infection in the joint space. Emergent diagnosis and initiation of therapy are necessary to prevent joint destruction and, in some cases, serious systemic illness. This review covers the epidemiology, assessment and stabilization, diagnosis, treatment and disposition, and outcomes of septic arthritis. Figures show the pathophysiology of bone infection; an algorithm for the initial evaluation and management of a suspected septic joint; a magnetic resonance image of vertebral body osteomyelitis; a cutaneous sinus in a patient with underlying chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis at the site of a previous tibial fracture; the probe-to-bone test for diagnosing osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot; an algorithm for the initial evaluation and management of suspected vertebral body osteomyelitis; nonsurgical treatment of osteomyelitis of the foot in a patient with diabetes; and algorithms for the evaluation and management of osteomyelitis in diabetic patients with neuropathic ulcers and no or mild foot infection, osteomyelitis in diabetic patients with neuropathic ulcers and moderate or severe foot infecti
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