Traditional microbiological techniques, while effective, are often time-consuming and labour-intensive. Machine learning and deep learning, enable rapid and accurate identification of microbial pathogens from complex datasets such as whole-genome sequencing, mass spectrometry, and clinical laboratory reports. Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolutionizes medical microbiology by enhancing pathogen detection, antimicrobial resistance prediction, and clinical decision-making. AI facilitates automated image analysis for culture-based diagnostics, improving the speed and accuracy of colony identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. One of the most impactful applications of AI is in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance. Machine learning models can analyse genetic determinants of resistance and predict antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, allowing for early detection of multidrug-resistant organisms. Moreover, AI-integrated clinical decision support systems (CDSS) enhance antimicrobial stewardship by providing real-time recommendations on appropriate antibiotic use, thereby reducing the spread of resistance. Natural language processing (NLP) further optimizes data ext
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