Abstract Background The decline in the number of new HIV infections among adults has slowed down, gradually becoming the biggest obstacle to achieving the 2030 target of ending the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Thus, a political declaration to ensure that 90% of people at high risk of HIV infection can access comprehensive prevention services was proposed by the United Nations General Assembly. Therefore, obtaining an accurate estimated size of high-risk populations is required as a prior condition to plan and implement HIV prevention services. The network scale-up method (NSUM) was recommended by the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and the World Health Organization to estimate the sizes of populations at high risk of HIV infection; however, we found that the NSUM also revealed underlying population characteristics of female sex workers in addition to being used to estimate the population size. Such information on underlying population characteristics is very useful in improving the planning and implementation of HIV prevention services. This is especially relevant for people who inject drugs, where in addition to stigma and disc
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