The occurrence of earthquake events has caused numerous causalities and economic losses within the construction industry in the past and present years. However, people have insufficient knowledge and awareness of the impact of earthquakes, especially in understanding the seismic response of complex underground construction industries such as tunneling. Careful consideration of the impact of earthquakes on such structures is crucial due to previous experiences of catastrophic earthquake events that severely damaged underground structures. This study aims to investigate the effect of different soil material properties (i.e., soft soil and rock) on the seismic response of circular tunnels under increasing earthquake ground motion using simplified pseudo-static analysis, while simultaneously emphasizing the shortcomings of conventional closed-form solutions. To achieve this, a two-dimensional (2D) simplified pseudo-static analysis of a soil-tunnel model embedded at 20m depth was investigated under increasing levels of seismic intensity at the transverse direction of the tunnel axis using PLAXIS 2D software. The tunnel is modeled as a circular shape with a 0.5m thick tunnel lining embed
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