This paper describes the new 600 MW Karuma hydropower project in Uganda, which was completed in 2022. More than 70% of the project’s structures were built underground to enhance resilience. Complexities relating to structural analysis and design, advanced engineering technologies, climatic considerations, deep excavations and tunnelling are presented. Key challenges experienced during construction, remedial measures undertaken, lessons learned and a proposed post-construction renewable energy option are also discussed.
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