Using seismic exploration to predict geological risk along tunnels and underground spaces

Dealing with adverse geology during construction of tunnels and underground spaces can lead to significant delays and cost increases if not adequately predicted. As described in this paper, seismic prediction during excavation allows sporadic or continuous prediction of geological uncertainties over 100 m ahead of the excavation face. To improve reliability, seismic exploration should be used at least every 100–120 m during excavation. In addition, seismic reflection data can provide useful information about the mechanical parameters of the surrounding ground.