Subsea tunnels are highly complex, high-risk engineering projects. The causes and effects of risks are dynamic in nature and involve multiple stages, different perspectives and a wide range of people. Such projects therefore need to adopt a risk-management model covering the whole process, all perspectives and all-party participation in a scientific and systematic way. This paper discusses a whole-process risk-management concept for subsea tunnels that was adopted for the 6·7 km immersed tunnel section of the recently opened £1·8 billion Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge project in China.
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