Optimization of graphene-functionalized polycaprolactone nanofibers: enhancing mechanical, thermal, and biocompatibility properties for biomedical applications

The development of biocompatible materials with enhanced properties is critical for biomedical applications. However, polycaprolactone (PCL), a widely used biodegradable polymer, exhibits insufficient mechanical and thermal properties for demanding applications. This study addresses the challenge by incorporating carboxyl-functionalized graphene (CFG) and hydroxyl-functionalized graphene (HFG) derivatives into PCL nanofibers using electrospinning. The objective is to optimize graphene content to improve the mechanical strength, thermal stability, and biocompatibility of the nanocomposites. Electrospun nanofibers with varying graphene concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 wt%) were characterized for morphology, mechanical properties, thermal behavior, and cell viability. Results demonstrated that 1 wt% graphene content provided optimal performance, significantly enhancing tensile strength (5.5 MPa for CFG, 5.4 MPa for HFG) and Young's modulus while maintaining uniform, bead-free fibers. Thermal analysis revealed improved crystallinity and degradation temperature, while MTT assays showed superior cell viability (up to 93%) at 1 wt% graphene. These highlight the potential of PCL/graphene nano