The implementation of practical work in chemistry, along with the principles of green chemistry and sustainable chemistry, in Portugal

Abstract Since the late twentieth century, global sustainability and greener chemistry have become essential human goals. Education is crucial in driving this change by enhancing scientific knowledge and literacy. Since the early 2000s, the Portuguese chemistry curriculum for middle and high school has included mandatory laboratory activities to increase student enrollment in science courses, but also scientific skills, learning outcomes, procedural knowledge, and understanding in chemistry while fostering communication, attitudes, and reasoning abilities essential for scientific literacy. An IUPAC survey, aimed to enhance understanding of practical work in chemistry, focusing on the application of green and sustainable chemistry principles, was applied among Portuguese chemistry teachers. Data were collected through online dissemination nationwide. Results indicate that most participants incorporate laboratory activities into their teaching, following the chemistry textbook and curriculum guidelines, and conduct green chemistry activities. Teachers believe that curricula for middle and high school, as well as teacher training in higher education, should include m