Objective: This study aimed to examine the effects of three distinct file systems with two motion types—rotary and reciprocation—on the development of dentinal microcracks after root canal preparation using a stereomicroscope. Methods: Sixty mandibular molars with a curvature of 30° were decoronated and divided into three groups (Vortex Blue, Mtwo, and ProTaper Next) and two subgroups (rotary and reciprocating motions). The samples were then instrumented with the files, dyed with 1% methylene blue dye, and sectioned horizontally at 3, 6, and 9 mm from the root apex. The dentinal microcracks were inspected using a stereomicroscope at 40× magnification. One-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests were used to perform statistical analysis. Results: Crack formation was statistically significant at the 6-mm and 9-mm levels from the root apex in both motions (p < 0.05). Among all the file system, Vortex Blue caused the highest dentinal microcracks in both motions at 6 mm from the root apex. Conclusion: The reciprocating motion resulted in fewer dentinal microcracks than the rotary motion. All file systems caused significant dentinal microcracks at the curvature of the root c
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