Artificial intelligence in primary care in Poland: opportunities, challenges, and public health policy implications

Introduction and Aim. Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into healthcare systems, yet its implementation in primary care remains uneven and context-dependent. Poland’s evolving digital health infrastructure creates favourable conditions for AI adoption in primary care (POZ), but real-world implementation remains limited. This review aims to synthesise recent international evidence with a specifi c focus on the Polish primary healthcare system. Current knowledge. AI applications in primary care include clinical decision support systems, predictive analytics, documentation automation, and patient self-management tools. Despite high performance in controlled settings, real-world effectiveness is constrained by workflow integration, data quality and organisational readiness. Summary. This review synthesises the current international evidence on artificial intelligence in primary care in relation to the Polish primary healthcare system, with an emphasis on implementation determinants such as interoperability, governance, clinician training and regulatory alignment. By relating global findings to the Polish healthcare system, it complements existing systematic revi