Abstract Background Egypt’s population aged 60 years and above is projected to increase from 9.2% (2021) to 20.8% (2050). Dementia affects approximately 3–4% of older adults in Egypt, with regional projections indicating a 367% increase in cases by 2050. This review synthesizes evidence on dementia epidemiology, risk factors, service provision, and health system challenges in Egypt to inform policy development and service planning. Methods We searched PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, WHO Institutional Repository, and Index Medicus for the Eastern Mediterranean Region, supplemented by Arabic-language journals, Egyptian government reports and other grey literature. Searches used English and Arabic terms combining Egypt with dementia, cognitive impairment, late-life mental disorders, services, and caregivers. Results Among adults aged ≥ 60 years, estimated dementia prevalence ranges from 1.96% to 5.07%, mild cognitive impairment from 32% to 37.7%, and late-life depression pr
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