Knowledge of the normal and abnormal anatomy of the inferior vena cava and its branches increases the ease and effectiveness of the surgical treatment of occlusions and aneurysms of the aortoiliac segment. The surgical anatomy and techniques for dealing with renal vein anomalies, vena cava duplication, transpositions and arteriovenous fistulas are presented; these aids to the early recognition of venous abnormalities simplify appropriate dissection and forestall inadvertent hemorrhage and vascular injury.
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