The shift to 3D education in mechanical engineering: Adapting to generation Z visualization needs

The generational shift toward digital environments has significantly impacted how students in mechanical engineering education interpret technical representations. This study investigates the challenges students from Generation Z face when working with traditional 2D technical drawings, revealing a growing comprehension gap. A novel textbook with 3D interactive models was introduced, with students accessing these models via QR codes embedded in the textbook. The 3D models, viewable on mobile devices, allow for rotation, zooming, and cross-sectional analyses, providing an immersive learning experience. The study involved students, from each undergraduate academic year, who were tasked with solving comprehension exercises using both 2D and 3D methods. Results indicated that students demonstrated significantly higher accuracy and confidence when using 3D models, with the most pronounced improvements observed among first-year students. Furthermore, time efficiency and engagement levels were substantially better when 3D tools were employed. These findings underscore the need for a paradigm shift in engineering education, moving toward integrating 3D technologies alongside traditional me