Exercise stresses the primary function of the cardiovascular system, which is the supply of O<sub>2</sub> and removal of CO<sub>2</sub> from the cells of the body. Even ordinary walking requires an increase in O<sub>2</sub> consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> production by the exercising muscles of 20 times the resting level. While pulmonary dysfunction may affect arterial blood gas tensions, the dynamics of O<sub>2</sub> uptake and CO<sub>2</sub> output by the lungs depend on the circulatory responses to exercise. Thus, measurement of the dynamics of O<sub>2</sub> uptake in response to exercise has been shown to reflect cardiovascular function. Inability of the circulatory responses to meet an increased O<sub>2</sub> requirement may be reflected in abnormalities in O<sub>2</sub> uptake dynamics, and an early increase in CO<sub>2</sub> output relative to O<sub>2</sub> uptake consequent to bicarbonate buffering of lactic acid. Application of currently available technology for the continuous measurement and analysis of pulmonary gas exchange can afford the pr
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