Historically, for good reason, the main measures used to assess outcome after neonatal surgery have been mortality and early postoperative morbidity. These remain crucial yardsticks of surgical care. However, as results have steadily improved more refined indicators of outcome are needed. Long‐term results and quality of life outcomes are being demanded increasingly by clinicians, parents, and health economists.For paediatric surgeons, knowledge of long‐term outcomes not only enable us to inform parents and patients better about future health expectations but also help us to anticipate potentially avoidable late complications. Outcomes inform us when to operate and when not to operate. Some neonatal surgical conditions and their treatment have almost no long‐term sequelae but most have definite consequences of variable severity.Common themes run through the analysis of long‐term outcomes. These centre around the future impact on growth, risk of malignancy, psychological issues, implications for fertility, sexuality and inheritance, and quality of life. There are many reasons why long‐term data are lacking. These include the difficulties of maintaining long‐term surveillance within
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