SUMMARYVarious types Of abnormal movements of the oesophagus have been discussed. It has been shown that there is a gentle gradation between tertiary wave formation, idiopathic diffuse spasm and achalasia, such that it becomes difficult at times to put each case into its proper compartment. The question of lower oesophageal rings has been discussed, and an attempt made to sort out some confusions which have arisen.
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