Microscopic studies of the periodontal microbiota were among the first to demonstrate the existence of distinctive microbial populations in association with various states of periodontal disease and periodontal health. These findings led to further studies which indicated that conventional mechanical debridement is able to create shifts in the composition of the periodontal microbiota from a disease‐ to a health‐associated one. Investigations of the distribution of certain bacterial morphotypes on selected tooth surfaces confirmed that significant differences exist in the composition of the microbiota between healthy and diseased sites; however, periodontal pockets of similar probing depths in the same subject had microbiotas that were more similar lo one another than to those of comparable pockets in other subjects. These findings lend support to the use of pooled microbial samples from selected surfaces with similar clinical characteristics. On the basis of microbial samples pooled in this manner, it was possible to demonstrate in patients previously treated for periodontitis, that those with elevated proportions of motile rods and spirochetes were more likely to develop subseque
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