ABSTRACT Aperiodic neural activity—activity with no characteristic frequency—has increasingly become a common feature of study, including in clinical work. Reports investigating aperiodic activity from patients from a broad range of clinical disorders have sought to evaluate aperiodic activity as a putative biomarker relating to diagnosis or treatment response and/or as a potential marker of underlying physiological activity. However, there is thus far no clear consensus on if and how aperiodic neural activity relates to clinical disorders. This systematic literature review, following PRISMA guidelines, examines reports of aperiodic activity in electrophysiological recordings from human patients with psychiatric and/or neurological disorders, finding 177 reports across 38 disorders. Results are summarized to evaluate current findings and examine what can be learned as pertains to the analysis, interpretations and overall utility of aperiodic neural activity in clinical investigations. Aperiodic activity is commonly reported to relate to clinical diagnoses, with 32 of 38 disorders reporting a significant effect in diagnostic and/or treatment‐related studies. Howeve
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