Abstract Interventional radiology (IR) has evolved from diagnostic angiography to a core therapeutic specialty addressing acute ischemic stroke, peripheral arterial disease, hepatobiliary obstruction, and cancer care. This expansion has blurred professional boundaries, leading to “turf wars” with diagnostic radiology, neurology, neurosurgery, vascular surgery, cardiology, and oncology. While many practitioners avoid discussing turf openly due to its controversial nature, a scientific approach reveals both challenges and constructive outcomes. Using a Delphi-style framework of consensus, disputes can be reframed as opportunities for growth. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2020 guidelines. Databases searched included PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and DOAJ (2000–2025). Search terms combined “interventional radiology” with “turf wars,” “scope of practice,” “referral,” “outcomes,” “training,” and “policy.” Eligible studies included comparative outcomes analyses, registries, society guidelines, and policy reports. Data were syn
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